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The project examines violence in the practice of everyday politics in modern Japan to explore the dynamics of the relationship between private, organized political violence and the modern Japanese state. This inquiry focuses on "professional providers of political violence": those who received compensation for performing acts of political violence, and those with a reputation for violence who used or threatened violence in the political sphere. The project deals with three issues: the role and social construction of political violence in the formative years of the modern nation-state; the relationship between cultures of violence and democracy and fascism; and the ways in which violence shaped modern Japan’s ideological landscape.