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This project is an environmental history of Guanabara Bay, Brazil, in the 20th century. It is also the history of the city located at its margins, Rio de Janeiro--the Brazilian capital until 1960, the postcard-symbol of Brazil, and one of the world's greatest cities by the end of the twentieth century. Using Guanabara Bay as a unit of analysis allows for a unique view of the changes undergone by city and state in the 20th century, during which an amazing urbanization process changed the physical, social and political landscape of Brazil. But if the city and the state changed, so did the bay, its waters, its ecosystem and its shorelines. The project studies the relationship between the physical bay and the social bay, which emerges from governmental reports and from the city's demands for land (its margins), water (its basin) and sanitary system (its waters).