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Jewish women played crucial roles in Argentina and its sizable Jewish community, the largest in Latin America and third largest in the hemisphere. This project examines their contributions, the extent to which they attained acceptance and upward mobility, the identities they formed, and how they claimed Argentina as their own. It concludes that they were both insiders and outsiders. This will be the first book-length history of immigrant women and their descendants in Latin America and of Jewish women in the region. Putting women at the center reveals issues of critical importance for Jews and other immigrants, such as education, philanthropy, and sexuality. My research also contributes to Argentine political history. It highlights the vitality of grassroots leftist politics after 1930, an issue ignored in the literature, and it shows that 20th century nationalism was not as exclusionary as previously suggested. Finally, the book provides a case study of women's participation in the construction of nations and national identities.