Program

Research Programs: Scholarly Editions and Translations

Period of Performance

1/1/2014 - 6/30/2019

Funding Totals

$290,000.00 (approved)
$290,000.00 (awarded)


Javanese Sung Poetry in Translation

FAIN: RQ-50772-13

Earlham College (Richmond, IN 47374-4095)
Marc Benamou (Project Director: December 2012 to October 2024)

Preparation for print publication, and development of a database and website, of Javanese gamelan song texts, translated into both Indonesian and English. (36 months)

The project seeks to make available to specialists and to the general public the song texts associated with Javanese gamelan music and their translations into Indonesian and English. We will create a public website for finished translations and a private one for sharing of documents, queries, and comments. Texts will be linked on the website to commercially released recordings of the music. This will involve digitizing 400 cassettes, then identifying which lyrics are used on them, and creating a searchable database. This will form our corpus. The most commonly used texts (about 2,500 lines) will be provided with heavily annotated translations into Indonesian and English. The Indonesian texts will be posted to the public website, as well as any English translations not included in the planned book. The digitized recordings will be made available as well, to the extent that we are able to obtain copyright permissions.





Associated Products

“Do Words Matter? Music and Textual ‘Content’ in Javanese Gamelan Music” (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: “Do Words Matter? Music and Textual ‘Content’ in Javanese Gamelan Music”
Abstract: In the course of an NEH-funded project to transcribe and translate the lyrics of central Javanese gamelan music, it became clear that something highly unusual was going on in the way some of the texts were being used. Indeed, the singing in traditional Javanese gamelan music represents an extreme, among the world’s vocal musics, of fragmentation and discontinuity. Moreover, many of the texts are difficult for the average listener to understand because of their heavy doses of archaic words and their subtle word play, made all the more incomprehensible by melisma, the surrounding thick instrumental texture, breaths taken mid word, and the aforementioned fragmentation. As a result of this, much of the time, audiences--and even singers--do not pay much attention to the meaning of the words that are being sung. In much of the more recent repertoire, however, the words do take on a more expressive role, and become a focus of attention. Using Rossana Dalmonte's typology of text-music relations in vocal music (2004), I propose to demonstrate the range of roles the lyrics play in Javanese gamelan music, depending on the literary and musical genre, and to consider the question of why certain texts, of extremely high literary value, are used over and over, despite being only vaguely understood, at best, by most singers and listeners. Dalmonte, Rossana. 2004. “Musique, texte, poésie.” In Musiques: Une encyclopédie pour le XXIeme siècle, volume 2, edited by Jean-Jacques Nattiez and Rossana Dalmonte. Paris: Actes Sud and Cité de la Musique.
Author: Marc Benamou
Date: 05/11/2018
Location: Universita la Sapienza Rome, Italy

"Apakah Ada 'Tentangnya'? Renungan-Renungan bab Cakepan Karawitan Jawa" (Is there an "about"? Musings on the lyrics of Javanese gamelan music) (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: "Apakah Ada 'Tentangnya'? Renungan-Renungan bab Cakepan Karawitan Jawa" (Is there an "about"? Musings on the lyrics of Javanese gamelan music)
Author: Marc Benamou
Abstract: At nearly every concert of Javanese gamelan music outside of Indonesia, there is a good chance that someone in the audience will want to know the answer to the following question: "What were they singing about just now?" And there is just as good a chance that no one present will be able to answer, because 1) the musicians themselves are unlikely to know fully what the words mean, and 2) the lyrics are extremely heterogeneous and include many lines that do not carry any propositional meaning (the first part of a riddle or of a rhymed couplet, for instance), such that a full answer to that question would take many hours to explain. Because of the extreme heterogeneity of the texts in much traditional Javanese gamelan music, it is often impossible to summarize the meaning of the texts in a single piece, let alone in an entire concert. This leads to the following questions: is there an “about” in the lyrics of Javanese gamelan music, and, if not, what function might the lyrics play in gamelan performance? After analyzing the different relations between words and music in various musical and literary genres in Javanese vocal music (which, to be sure, includes genres in which the music can be said to express the words, and the words are about something), I consider whether a distinctively Javanese way of incorporating poetry into music--which predominates in traditional gendhings (gamelan pieces)--isn’t partly responsible for a decline in the popularity of traditional gamelan music in Java. That is, with mass-mediated popular music dominating the airwaves in Indonesia, listeners come to expect fairly straightforward, relatable lyrics that not only are about something, but are expressed in the music, as well. Yet, could it be that the more enigmatic, fragmentary, “aboutless” way of using texts in gamelan music could be seen as partaking of a postmodern aesthetic, and hence could help give it a newfound cachet?
Date: 08/11/2018
Conference Name: Gamelan Culture: Roots, Expression, and World View (part of the International Gamelan Festival) Panel: “Praxis and Gamelan Aesthetics” Held at Institut Seni Indonesia in Surakarta, Indonesia

Cakepan Srambahan (All-Purpose Gamelan Lyrics) as Absolute Music: Listening to Poetry about Nothing (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Cakepan Srambahan (All-Purpose Gamelan Lyrics) as Absolute Music: Listening to Poetry about Nothing
Author: Marc Benamou
Abstract: In the course of a project to transcribe and translate the lyrics of central Javanese gamelan music, it became clear that something highly unusual was going on in the way some of the texts were being used. Indeed, the lyrics of a typical gendhing (gamelan piece) represent an extreme, among the world’s vocal musics, of fragmentation and discontinuity. Moreover, many of the texts are difficult for the average listener to understand because of their heavy doses of archaic words and their subtle word play, made all the more incomprehensible by melisma, the surrounding thick instrumental texture, breaths taken mid word, and the aforementioned fragmentation. In traditional gendhings, it is usually impossible to summarize what the words are “about”: not only are they not tied to the music—singers can choose whatever texts fit the appropriate poetic meter—but a huge proportion of them are only there for the sound or in order to set up a riddle. Santosa (2001:375), in his study of the role of gamelan music in certain villages of central Java, while emphasizing that competencies vary, says, “[a]mong ‘ordinary audiences’ texts can mean the rendering of syllables or even the ‘noise of vowels’ because the ‘literal meanings’ are not significant to some of them.” In other words, the audiences in question heard texts as absolute music, devoid of propositional or even semantic content. And yet, gamelan lyrics contain some of the most beautiful, evocative poetry in the Javanese language. The following questions arise: What role do these lyrics play? Why do singers emphasize correct pronunciation, if meaning is unimportant? Why are certain texts overwhelmingly favored over others? Santosa. 2001. “Constructing Images in Javanese Gamelan Performances: Communicative Aspects among Musicians and Audiences in Village Communities.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Date: 06/18/2019
Conference Name: Java in Jerusalem: New Directions in the Study of Javanese Literature and Culture