Advancing Deep Mapping Infrastructure for Community-Driven Spatial Humanities: The Keweenaw Time Traveler

FAIN: HAA-271717-20

Michigan Technological University (Houghton, MI 49931-1200)
Donald Lafreniere (Project Director: January 2020 to present)
Karla Kitalong (Co Project Director: May 2020 to present)
Daniel Trepal (Co Project Director: May 2020 to present)
Robert Pastel (Co Project Director: May 2020 to present)
Sarah Fayen Scarlett (Co Project Director: May 2020 to present)

Improvements to an online historical atlas for Michigan's Copper County from 1880-1950, with rich data about people, buildings, and historical environments from one of the nation's oldest and largest copper mining regions. 

The Keweenaw Time Traveler Project (Level III) is an online historical atlas that includes over 12.9 million variables about the historical environments, buildings, and populations that lived and worked in Michigan’s Copper Country from 1880-1950. A group of interdisciplinary scholars together with our active heritage community is expanding the project to include 1) creating links between historical data sets to permit following populations and environments as they change through time, 2) modeling best practices in the spatial humanities by expanding the capabilities of our existing historical atlas through public-participatory design charrettes, and 3) creating guided activities, lesson plans, public programming, and replicable code for other communities to build their own historical atlas. The result will be a publicly-generated data-rich historical atlas in which community members can discover, explore, and contribute their own information about the regions history and heritage.

Associated Products

Dan Trepal (Staff/Faculty/Fellow Position)
Name: Dan Trepal
Abstract: New Post-Doctoral Position for Dr. Dan Trepal, 12 Months.
Year: 2020

Project Website (Web Resource)
Title: Project Website
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Pastel, Robert
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Kitalong, Karla
Abstract: Main project website for the Keweenaw Time Traveler Project
Year: 2020
Primary URL: http://www.keweenawhistory.com
Secondary URL: http://www.mapyourhistory.org

Geocoded Historical Data (Database/Archive/Digital Edition)
Title: Geocoded Historical Data
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Williams, Ryan
Author: Juip, James
Author: Lizzadro-McPherson, Dan
Author: Spikberg, Gary
Author: Stone, Tim
Author: Pastel, Robert
Abstract: Project Co-Director Dan Trepal’s postdoctoral research position duties focused on the geocoding, cleaning / preparation and record-linking of several historical big datasets during Year 1 (with assistance from Project Geospatial Research Scientist Ryan Williams as well as students Juip, Lizzadro-McPherson, Spikberg, and Stone). The following datasets were integrated into the CC-HSDI and are being prepared for record-linking, or are in the process of being record-linked: ● Decennial US Census (years: 1880 and 1900-1940): 100% of individuals recorded in the census for our study area (~379,000 individuals) geocoded; attribute tables reviewed and normalized in preparation for record linking. Completed record linking between 1920 Census and 1918 School Records. We have also integrated the IPUMS Multigenerational Longitudinal Panel (MLP) crosswalk tables into the CC-HSDI. This IPUMS-developed tool has permitted us to crosslink approximately 40% of individuals within our overall US census dataset for the census years 1910 through 1930. In addition, we have identified within this dataset and for our study area the in-migration (years: 1910, 1920, 1930) and out-migration (years: 1920, 1930, 1940) cohorts for three decades each. This work is ongoing. ● School Records (1904-1926): 25,879 individual records transcribed from original documents and reformatted as normalized tables. Completed geocoding and record linking of all records. ● Sanitation Reports, Calumet & Hecla Mining Co. Medical Department (1910-1921): 2,225 individual records geocoded; attribute tables reviewed and normalized in preparation for record linking with other CC-HSDI datasets. ● Mining Company Home ownership data. Incorporated into the CC-HSDI Calumet and Hecla Mining Company home ownership / lease status data for the period c. 1908-1920 digitized from historical cartography. After digitizing, this information was appended to 7,594 existing historical building polygons within the CC-HSDI’s existing buil
Year: 2020
Primary URL: http://www.keweenawhistory.com
Access Model: Open access via Keweenaw Time Traveler Applications

Community Driven Heritage in the Copper Country (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Community Driven Heritage in the Copper Country
Abstract: Invited Speaker for the Sonderegger Symposium 22, Beaumier U.P Heritage Center
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Juip, James
Date: 11/04/22
Location: Marquette, MI

Supporting Historical Preservation and Economic Development with Geospatial Technologies (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Supporting Historical Preservation and Economic Development with Geospatial Technologies
Abstract: Invited Speaker for the Main Street Calumet and the Keweenaw Chamber of Commerce, Calumet, MI
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Lizzadro-McPearson, Dan
Date: 10/27/2022
Location: Calumet, MI

Deep Mapping the Migration of French-Canadians to Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Deep Mapping the Migration of French-Canadians to Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula
Abstract: Lecture for the Centre interuniversitaire d'études québécoises, Quebec City (Virtual)
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Batterson, Brooke
Author: Spikberg, Gary
Date: 03/25/2021
Location: Quebec City (delivered Virtually)

Preserving Memory, Protecting Privacy: Challenges and Strategies for Working through Community Anxiety in Digital Environments (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Preserving Memory, Protecting Privacy: Challenges and Strategies for Working through Community Anxiety in Digital Environments
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Hiltunen, Lindsay
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Abstract: Panelist for the National Council on Public History, Virtual
Date: 05/02/22
Conference Name: Annual Conference of National Council on Public History

Public Participatory Deep Mapping (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Public Participatory Deep Mapping
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Abstract: Invited Speaker for the Center for Middletown Studies
Date: 08/15/2022
Conference Name: Seminar on Deep Mapping

Big-Data Geospatial Heritage Infrastructures and Industrial Heritage (Course or Curricular Material)
Title: Big-Data Geospatial Heritage Infrastructures and Industrial Heritage
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Scarlett, Tim
Abstract: Workshop for The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage
Year: 2022
Audience: Graduate

Preservation of the Postindustrial Landscape with Geospatial Technologies (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Preservation of the Postindustrial Landscape with Geospatial Technologies
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Arnold, John
Abstract: Lecture for the International Association of Preservation Technologies
Date: 11/12/22
Conference Name: Industrial Sites, Embodied Carbon and Adaptive Reuse

Building and Using Sharable Infrastructure to Advance Historical GIS (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Building and Using Sharable Infrastructure to Advance Historical GIS
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Pastel, Robert
Author: Kitalong, Karla
Author: Juip, James
Author: Williams, Ryan
Abstract: Invited Panelist for the Social Science History Association
Date: 11/17/22
Conference Name: Social Science History Association Annual Conference

Utilizing HSDI’s to Support Community Engaged Interdisciplinary Education and Heritage Interpretation (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Utilizing HSDI’s to Support Community Engaged Interdisciplinary Education and Heritage Interpretation
Author: Juip, James
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Trepal, Dan
Abstract: Social Science History Association
Date: 11/17/2022
Conference Name: Social Science History Association

Community-Driven Design and Public Participation with HSDIs: Ongoing Lessons from the Keweenaw Time Traveler (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Community-Driven Design and Public Participation with HSDIs: Ongoing Lessons from the Keweenaw Time Traveler
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Juip, James
Abstract: Social Science History Association
Date: 11/17/2022
Conference Name: Social Science History Association

Exploring the Built and Social Determinants of Health in a 20th Century Industrial City (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Exploring the Built and Social Determinants of Health in a 20th Century Industrial City
Author: Stone, Tim
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Trepal, Dan
Abstract: Social Science History Association
Date: 11/18/2022
Conference Name: Social Science History Association

Deep Mapping Meets Public Participatory HGIS: The Next Generation of the Keweenaw Time Traveler (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Deep Mapping Meets Public Participatory HGIS: The Next Generation of the Keweenaw Time Traveler
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Williams, Ryan
Author: Juip, James
Abstract: Social Science History Association
Date: 11/20/22
Conference Name: Social Science History Association

Schools as Vectors of Infectious Disease Transmission during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Schools as Vectors of Infectious Disease Transmission during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Stone, Tim
Author: Hildebrandt, Rose
Author: Sadler, Richard
Author: Madison, Michael
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Spikberg, Gary
Author: Juip, James
Abstract: European Society of Historical Demography
Date: 04/01/22
Conference Name: European Society of Historical Demography

Deep Mapping meets Public Participatory HGIS: The next generation of the Keweenaw Time Traveler (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Deep Mapping meets Public Participatory HGIS: The next generation of the Keweenaw Time Traveler
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Williams, Ryan
Author: Juip, James
Author: Pastel, Robert
Author: Kitalong, Karla
Abstract: Spatial Humanities 2022 Conference
Date: 09/01/22
Conference Name: Spatial Humanities 2022 Conference

What Historical Micro-Spatial Data Can Teach Us about Schools as Vectors for Epidemiological Events like COVID-19 (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: What Historical Micro-Spatial Data Can Teach Us about Schools as Vectors for Epidemiological Events like COVID-19
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Stone, Tim
Author: Hildebrandt, Rose
Abstract: Social Science History Association
Date: 11/15/2021
Conference Name: Social Science History Association

Utilizing IPUMS Multigenerational Longitudinal Panel to trace industrial worker migration throughout the rust-belt and beyond (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Utilizing IPUMS Multigenerational Longitudinal Panel to trace industrial worker migration throughout the rust-belt and beyond
Author: Juip, James
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Trepal, Dan
Abstract: Social Science History Association
Date: 11/15/2021
Conference Name: Social Science History Association

The Daily Space of Youth: Investigating the Importance of the Built and Social Environments to Health in the Industrial City (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: The Daily Space of Youth: Investigating the Importance of the Built and Social Environments to Health in the Industrial City
Author: Stone, Tim
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Abstract: Social Science History Association
Date: 11/15/2021
Conference Name: Social Science History Association

Integrating Deep Mapping and Virtual Reality for Heritage Interpretation (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Integrating Deep Mapping and Virtual Reality for Heritage Interpretation
Author: Spikberg, Gary
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Abstract: Social Science History Association
Date: 11/15/2021
Conference Name: Social Science History Association

Historical Spatial Microdata for the study of health and well-being of youth and children in the industrial city (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Historical Spatial Microdata for the study of health and well-being of youth and children in the industrial city
Author: Stone, Tim
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Abstract: Society for the History of Childhood and Youth
Date: 06/15/2021
Conference Name: Society for the History of Childhood and Youth

Copper Country Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure (Database/Archive/Digital Edition)
Title: Copper Country Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Scarlett, Sarah
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Pastel, Robert
Author: Kitalong, Karla
Author: Williams, Ryan
Abstract: Additional datasets added to the CC-HSDI and are accessible via the Keweenaw Time Traveler
Year: 2022
Primary URL: https://www.keweenawhistory.com
Primary URL Description: Keweenaw Time Traveler Explore App
Access Model: Open Access

Deep Mapping the Daily Spaces of Children and Youth in the Industrial City (Article)
Title: Deep Mapping the Daily Spaces of Children and Youth in the Industrial City
Author: Stone, Tim
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Hildebrandt, Rose
Abstract: Employing a deep mapping approach we aim to increase our understanding of the social, spatial, and temporal relationships children shared with the industrial city as it grew and evolved. In this paper, we spatialize and record-link numerous local and national datasets on environments and children including the complete count IPUMS historical census data to study the lives of schoolchildren in a twentieth century copper mining town in northern Michigan. Leaning on Hägerstrand’s time geography theory we place 2025 children within their built and social environments tracing their commutes to school, the school day, and their time at home. We demonstrate the utility of this approach through an analysis of students’ proximity to hazardous environments throughout the day.
Year: 2022
Primary URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/01615440.2022.2080135
Access Model: Subscription Only
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Historical Methods
Publisher: Taylor and Francis

Schools as Vectors of Infectious Disease Transmission During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic (Article)
Title: Schools as Vectors of Infectious Disease Transmission During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Stone, Tim
Author: Hildebrandt, Rose
Author: Sadler, Richard
Author: Madison, Michael
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Spikberg, Gary
Author: Juip, James
Abstract: n this paper we utilize a combination of national microdata from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) with local population and health microdata, spatialized to the household level, and employ an historical GIS (HGIS) to follow infectious disease transmission between public school children in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Microdata are data at the finest, non-aggregated level of precision. We illustrate three important advantages of using historical microdata within an HGIS framework: contextualization of data within their period-accurate space—time, avoidance of the ecological fallacy, and the ability to move freely between micro and macro scales. We demonstrate the potential for studying historic pandemics using historical microdata by doing a spatiotemporal analysis following infectious respiratory disease through three schools from April to June 1918.
Year: 2021
Primary URL: https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/cart-2020-0025
Access Model: Subscription Only
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization
Publisher: University of Toronto Press

Mapping Historical Archaeology and Industrial Heritage: The Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure (Article)
Title: Mapping Historical Archaeology and Industrial Heritage: The Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure
Author: Trepal, Dan
Author: Lafreniere, Don
Author: Stone, Tim
Abstract: While a vibrant and growing research literature exists on the value of GIS to archaeology in general, the application of geospatial digital data to the subfield of historical archaeology is less well developed, especially in North America. This is particularly true for the era of industrialization, where the archaeological record is accompanied by a comparatively rich historical record. Historical and industrial archaeology are fundamentally bound up in the interplay between material and historical data, and it is in enhancing the dialogue between these two evidentiary bodies that interdisciplinary geospatial approaches are most fruitful to these subdisciplines. Drawing on recent discussions in digital archaeology and Historical GIS (HGIS), which has a robust history in the social sciences and humanities, we present an approach to modelling, visualizing, and analyzing longitudinal physical and social environment data for historical and industrial archaeology: a Historical Spatial Data Infrastructure (HSDI). Our HSDI, which is data-rich and highly flexible in scale, is especially well-adapted to facilitating this dialogue within archaeological research, as well as having important applications to heritage management and public engagement, as demonstrated in our case study.
Year: 2021
Primary URL: https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.77/
Access Model: Open Access
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology
Publisher: Ubiquity Press

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