Imperial Spaces: Forced Resettlement, Diet and Daily Life at Carrizales, Peru

FAIN: RZ-51748-14

Brown University (Providence, RI 02912-9100)
N. Parker VanValkenburgh (Project Director: January 2014 to May 2021)

Archaeological survey and excavation at two sites in Peru's Zaña valley, historical research in Peru and Spain for preparation for scholarly monographs, and a public interactive website. (30 months)

This proposal seeks funding to support archaeological and historical research on Spanish colonial forced resettlement (reducción) in Peru's lower Zaña valley -- specifically, through archaeological excavations and artifact analysis at two sites (Carrizales and Conjunto 125), as well as archival research in Peru and Spain. In particular, through the study of domestic space and foodways at Carrizales and Conjunto 125, we seek to understand how this Early modern social engineering project took shape in quotidian spaces and how indigenous communities adapted to the challenges of life in new settlements, under a new political-economic regime. Our proposed research incorporates two months of additional archaeological excavations, extensive archival research and artifact analysis, and the publication and presentation of results to both public and scholarly audiences, through digital and printed media.

Associated Products

The Production and Circulation of Indigenous Lead-Glazed Ceramics in Northern Peru During Spanish Colonial Times (Article)
Title: The Production and Circulation of Indigenous Lead-Glazed Ceramics in Northern Peru During Spanish Colonial Times
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker, Kelloway, Sarah, Laure Dussubieux, Quilter, Jeffrey, and Michael Glascock.
Abstract: In this paper, we characterize the production and circulation of Early Green Glazed (EGG) Ware, an innovative variety of lead-glazed ceramics produced in Peru's North Coast region in the wake of the Spanish colonization of the Andes. INAA of pastes and LA-ICP-MS of glazes of EGG Ware samples collected from sites in Peru's Za~na, and Chicama river valleys reveal contrasting patterns of composition. While paste characterization via INAA identified a great deal of compositional diversity, LA-ICP-MS data from glazes falls into two discrete groups. We interpret these results as evidence of 1) disperse production of pastes, employing either a wide variety of source materials and/or recipes, mirroring the production of Late Prehispanic paddle-stamped wares, and 2) more nucleated collection of materials for glaze production, perhaps from distinct sources of lead ore. We interpret the presence of small numbers of samples with glaze compositions characteristic of the Za~na valley in Chicama Valley assemblages as evidence of possible trade between indigenous communities in artisanal goods and/or raw materials during the late 16th century CE.
Year: 2015
Primary URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.06.006
Access Model: subscription only
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Journal of Archaeological Science
Publisher: Elsevier

Zooarchaeology and Changing Food Practices at Carrizales, Peru (Article)
Title: Zooarchaeology and Changing Food Practices at Carrizales, Peru
Author: Kennedy, Sarah
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: Through analysis of zooarchaeological remains from two occupations at the site of Carrizales, we examine how an indigenous Peruvian maritime community responded to imperial interventions in their daily lives in the late sixteenth century. Following their forced resettlement into a planned reducción village, and amidst demographic decline and tribute extraction, Carrizales’s residents significantly changed how they put food on the table, pursuing less time-intensive strategies of food collection and incorporating Eurasian animals into their diets. These results illustrate the dynamism of relations between imperial political economies and domestic life and the efficacy of indigenous survival strategies.
Year: 2016
Primary URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-015-0319-0
Access Model: subscription only
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: International Journal of Historical Archaeology
Publisher: Springer

Measure twice, cut once: cooperative deployment of a generalised, archaeology-specific field data collection system. (Article)
Title: Measure twice, cut once: cooperative deployment of a generalised, archaeology-specific field data collection system.
Author: Sobotkova, Adela
Author: Ross, Shawn
Author: Ballsun-Stanton, Brian
Author: Fairbairn, Andrew
Author: Thompson, Jessica
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Year: 2016
Primary URL: https://digitalpressatund.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/3_2_sobotkova.pdf
Access Model: open access
Format: Other
Periodical Title: Mobilizing the Past for a Digital Future
Publisher: Digital Press, University of North Dakota

Arqueología Histórica en el Perú: Posibilidades y Perspectivas. (Article)
Title: Arqueología Histórica en el Perú: Posibilidades y Perspectivas.
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Chase, Zachary
Author: Weaver, Brendan J.M.
Author: Traslaviña, Abel
Abstract: Introducción a revista temática.
Year: 2016
Primary URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.201601.001
Access Model: open access
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Boletín de Arqueología PUCP
Publisher: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru

Produciendo Chérrepe: reducción, etnía y performance en los valles de Zaña y Chamán, siglos 16 y 17 (Article)
Title: Produciendo Chérrepe: reducción, etnía y performance en los valles de Zaña y Chamán, siglos 16 y 17
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: Desde inicios del siglo XX, los arqueólogos andinistas hemos hecho uso frecuente de las fuentes etnohistóricas y etnográficas para añadir detalles narrativos, estructurales y procesuales a nuestras descripciones del pasado. Sin embargo, no hemos prestado suficiente atención a las relaciones semióticas entre textos, sitios y artefactos arqueológicos, es decir, los modos en que estos dos medios reflejan y construyen a la realidad de maneras distintas. En este ensayo, examino los paisajes y lugares que surgieron a través del reasentamiento forzado en los valles de Zaña y Chamán, en la región costa norte del Perú, a fines del siglo XVI d.C. Al hacerlo, presento varias ideas sobre cómo podemos repensar la comparación y síntesis de la evidencia textual y arqueológica en el estudio del pasado andino. En concreto, llamo atención sobre las dimensiones performativas de las reducciones y las visitas, subrayando el papel que desempeñaron en el proceso de la etnogénesis colonial.
Year: 2016
Primary URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/boletindearqueologiapucp.201601.007
Access Model: open access
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Boletín de Arqueología PUCP
Publisher: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru

Arqueología histórica en el Perú: La sociedad andina en la transición económica, política y social (Article)
Title: Arqueología histórica en el Perú: La sociedad andina en la transición económica, política y social
Author: Weaver, Brendan J.M.
Author: Traslaviña, Abel
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Chase, Zachary
Abstract: Introducción a volumen editada.
Year: 2016
Primary URL: http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/boletindearqueologia/article/view/19331/19457
Access Model: open access
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Boletin de Arqueología PUCP
Publisher: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru

Historias galonadas: la genealogía de reducción, paisaje y población en los valles de Zaña y Chamán, Perú (Book Section)
Title: Historias galonadas: la genealogía de reducción, paisaje y población en los valles de Zaña y Chamán, Perú
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Year: 2016
Primary URL: http://www.fondoeditorial.pucp.edu.pe/coleccion-estudios-andinos/614-reducciones-.html#.W4L8B5NKhE4
Access Model: subscription
Publisher: Fondo Editorial PUCP
Book Title: Reducciones: La concentración forzada de las poblaciones indígenas en el Virreinato del Perú

Unsettling Time: Persistence and Memory in Spanish Colonial Peru (Article)
Title: Unsettling Time: Persistence and Memory in Spanish Colonial Peru
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: I explore the politics of memory during the Toledan reforms—a series of ambitious administrative changes legislated in colonial Peru between 1569 and 1581, by viceroy Francisco de Toledo. At the center of Toledo’s project was an initiative to resettle the entire native population of the audiencias of Lima and Charcas into a series of planned towns called reducciones. Thismovement—reducción—sought to transform Andean indigenous peoples into subjects of the Catholic Church and the Spanish crown through a series of explicitly spatial operations, including regional population nucleation and settlement planning. But the terms of these changes were also temporal: as reducción shaped landscapes and built environments, it also sought to transform indigenous historicity, bringing native peoples into the Era of Christ and carefully regulating the social institutions and practices by which they accounted for their pasts. The Toledan reforms therefore present a clear example of one empire’s attempts to subjugate conquered peoples through mnemonic practices. Yet archaeological research in one corner of the viceroyalty—Peru’s Zaña valley—suggests that the story of how indigenous memories were actually shaped during the course of resettlement and its aftermath was far from straightforward. To understand these transformations, I argue that we must explore not only the short-term dialectic of Spanish designs and their indigenous responses, but also the Bafterlives^ of reduccion in the 17th and 18th centuries. Over the longer term, reducción achieved staying power through a series of unanticipated pathways, in which landscape change, demography, and indigenous agency all played essential roles. I argue that...
Year: 2017
Primary URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-017-9321-7
Access Model: subscription only
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
Publisher: Springer

Rethinking Cultural Hybridity and Technology Transfer: SEM Microstructural Analysis of Lead Glazed Ceramics from Early Colonial Peru (Article)
Title: Rethinking Cultural Hybridity and Technology Transfer: SEM Microstructural Analysis of Lead Glazed Ceramics from Early Colonial Peru
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Kelloway, Sarah
Author: Privat, Karen
Author: Sillar, Bill
Author: Quilter, Jeffrey
Abstract: Through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) microstructural analysis, we examine the firing technology of Early Green Glazed (EGG) Ware – a variety of “hybrid” lead-glazed ceramics produced in Peru's north coast region during the 16th century CE. Previous scholars have interpreted EGG Ware as the product of indigenous potters who fired ceramics in kilns and learned how to make glazed vessels through direct instruction from Iberian ceramicists. We argue that the production of EGG Ware entailed a more complex process of technological incorporation and innovation. SEM microstructural analysis of 44 archaeological samples suggests that these ceramics were originally fired under highly variable conditions. Parallel analysis of five samples of lead-glazed ceramics produced in open firings by Peruvian artisans in the 1980's reveals consistent firing beyond their clays' maturation temperatures. Based on these results and analysis of whole EGG Ware vessels from museum collections, we suggest that at least some of our EGG Ware samples were produced in open firings. In turn, we argue that EGG Ware reflects the creativity of native potters who adapted indigenous firing technologies and experimented with different parameters in the process of forging a new decorative tradition
Year: 2017
Primary URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.04.007
Access Model: subscription only
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Journal of Archaeological Science
Publisher: Elsevier

Identifying Andean-made Majolica from 16th-18th Century Sites on Peru's North Coast (Article)
Title: Identifying Andean-made Majolica from 16th-18th Century Sites on Peru's North Coast
Author: Kelloway, Sarah
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Iñañez, Javier
Author: Dussubieux, Laure
Author: Quilter, Jeffrey
Author: Glascock, Michael
Abstract: This study presents the results of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and thin-section analysis of 74 majolica sherds from 16th–18th Century sites in the Zaña Valley and Magdalena de Cao Viejo, Peru, and Panama Viejo, Panama. The majority of majolica samples from Peru are chemically associated with Panamanian reference groups, indicating their production in Panama; however, the remainder appears to be Andean-made, based on their distinct chemical signatures. These latter vessels seem to have been produced in Peru and build upon our understanding of colonial majolica manufacture in South America. Furthermore, the presence of blue-series decoration makes important contributions to our understanding of the Andean sphere of loza production.
Year: 2018
Primary URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.008
Access Model: subscription only
Periodical Title: Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
Publisher: Elsevier

Mobilization as Mediation: implementing a tablet-based recording system for ceramic classification (Article)
Title: Mobilization as Mediation: implementing a tablet-based recording system for ceramic classification
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Silva, Luiza O.G.
Author: Repetti-Ludlow, Chiara
Author: Gardner, Jake
Author: Crook, Jackson
Author: Ballsun-Stanton, Brian
Abstract: In this essay, we examine the potentials and challenges of mobile computing for a core activity of archaeological laboratory research—the typological analysis of ceramics. We discuss the collaborative development, implementation, and evaluation of the PAZC Ceramics module in the FAIMS Mobile platform. Our deployment of the module yielded significant improvements in the efficiency of data collection, as well as reduced numbers of missing fields and higher user satisfaction scores. However, it did not improve data consistency between users and yielded a classificatory system that was somewhat more challenging to update than our previous mode of operation. These results underscore some of the trade-offs that may be entailed in employing mobile technologies for archaeological applications and highlight the ways in which specific media configurations impact the production of archaeological knowledge.
Year: 2018
Primary URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.12
Access Model: subscription only
Format: Journal
Periodical Title: Advances in Archaeological Practice
Publisher: Cambridge

Excavaciones en el Sitio de Carrizales (LA-057), Temporada 2014 (Informe Técnico) (Report)
Title: Excavaciones en el Sitio de Carrizales (LA-057), Temporada 2014 (Informe Técnico)
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Torres Mora, Rocio
Abstract: n/a
Date: 3/1/2015
Access Model: n/a

Excavaciones en el Sitio de Carrizales (LA-057), Temporada 2015 (Informe Técnico). Ministerio Nacional de Cultura (Peru). (Report)
Title: Excavaciones en el Sitio de Carrizales (LA-057), Temporada 2015 (Informe Técnico). Ministerio Nacional de Cultura (Peru).
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Zevallos Castañeda, Daniela
Abstract: n/a
Date: 3/1/2016
Access Model: n/a

Proyecto Arqueológico Zaña Colonial, Trabajos de Laboratorio 2016 (Informe Técnico). Ministerio Nacional de Cultura (Peru). (Report)
Title: Proyecto Arqueológico Zaña Colonial, Trabajos de Laboratorio 2016 (Informe Técnico). Ministerio Nacional de Cultura (Peru).
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Zevallos Castañeda, Daniela
Abstract: n/a
Date: 3/1/2017
Access Model: n/a
ISBN: 2017

Proyecto Arqueológico Zaña Colonial (Web Resource)
Title: Proyecto Arqueológico Zaña Colonial
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Year: 2018
Primary URL: https://www.brown.edu/academics/spatial-structures-in-social-sciences/proyecto-arqueol%C3%B3gico-za%C3%B1a-colonial

Architecture in Negative: Mapping Social Space at Carrizales, Peru Using Low Altitude Aerial Photography and Photogrammetry (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Architecture in Negative: Mapping Social Space at Carrizales, Peru Using Low Altitude Aerial Photography and Photogrammetry
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Willis, Mark
Author: Walker, Chester
Abstract: n/a
Date: 4/1/2015

Gardens and Forking Paths: A Genealogy of Landscape and Subject Formation in the Zaña Valley, Peru (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Gardens and Forking Paths: A Genealogy of Landscape and Subject Formation in the Zaña Valley, Peru
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Date: 4/1/2015
Conference Name: Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting

Forced Resettlement, Domestic Space and Maritime Subsistence at Carrizales (Zaña Valley, Peru), 13th-17th centuries C.E (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Forced Resettlement, Domestic Space and Maritime Subsistence at Carrizales (Zaña Valley, Peru), 13th-17th centuries C.E
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Date: 10/15/2015
Conference Name: Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory

Landscape, Labor, and the Production of Difference in Colonial Peru: Indios and Negros in the Zaña Valley, 16th through 18th centuries C.E (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Landscape, Labor, and the Production of Difference in Colonial Peru: Indios and Negros in the Zaña Valley, 16th through 18th centuries C.E
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Date: 4/1/2016
Conference Name: Society for American Archaeology Annual Meetings

Diet, Status, and Identity in Colonial Peru: Investigations at Carrizales (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Diet, Status, and Identity in Colonial Peru: Investigations at Carrizales
Author: Kennedy, SArah
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Date: 4/1/2016
Conference Name: Society for American Archaeology Annual Meetings

Caracterización química de cerámica colonial temprana en el sitio de Carrizales, Lambayeque, Peru (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Caracterización química de cerámica colonial temprana en el sitio de Carrizales, Lambayeque, Peru
Author: Kelloway, Sarah
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Bedoya, Diego
Abstract: n/a
Date: 9/1/2016
Conference Name: Congreso Nacional de Arqueología

Landscape, Labor and the Dialectics of Difference in Zaña, Peru during the 16th-18th and 21st Centuries (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Landscape, Labor and the Dialectics of Difference in Zaña, Peru during the 16th-18th and 21st Centuries
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Date: 11/15/2016
Conference Name: American Society for Ethnohistory Annual meetings

Forced Resettlement and Governmentlity in Spanish Colonial Latin America: Comparative Approaches from Peru and New Spain (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Forced Resettlement and Governmentlity in Spanish Colonial Latin America: Comparative Approaches from Peru and New Spain
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Date: 11/15/2016
Conference Name: American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting

Site-seeing: archaeology, aeriality and objectivity in coastal Peru (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Site-seeing: archaeology, aeriality and objectivity in coastal Peru
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Abstract: n/a
Date: 4/1/2017
Conference Name: Society For American Archaeology Annual Meeting

Spanish Colonial Impacts on Foodways and Diet in the Zaña Valley of Peru: A Multi-Isotopic Reconstruction (Conference Paper/Presentation)
Title: Spanish Colonial Impacts on Foodways and Diet in the Zaña Valley of Peru: A Multi-Isotopic Reconstruction
Author: Turner-Livermore, Bethany
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Author: Schaefer, Benjamin
Abstract: n/a
Date: 4/1/2017
Conference Name: Society for American Archaeology Annual meeting

Comparative Perspectives on the Impact of Reducción on Indigenous Domestic Life (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Comparative Perspectives on the Impact of Reducción on Indigenous Domestic Life
Abstract: n/a
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Date: 12/10/2016
Location: La Paz, Bolivia - "Colonial Modernity in the Andes: A Comprehensive Study of Viceroy Toledo’s General Resettlement,”

Building Indios: A Genealogy of Landscape and Political Subjectivity in Peru's Zaña Valley, 12th-18th Centuries C.E (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Building Indios: A Genealogy of Landscape and Political Subjectivity in Peru's Zaña Valley, 12th-18th Centuries C.E
Abstract: n/a
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Date: 1/10/2016
Location: University of Michigan Center for Latin American Studies

El Contrato del Mar: Diet, Daily Life and Political Subjectivity at Carrizales, Peru 12th-16th centuries CE." (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: El Contrato del Mar: Diet, Daily Life and Political Subjectivity at Carrizales, Peru 12th-16th centuries CE."
Abstract: n/a
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Date: 2/3/2017
Location: Yale University Department of Anthropology

Surf and Turf: Maritime Foodways and the Challenge of Spanish Empire at Carrizales, Peru - 12th to 17th Centuries CE. (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Surf and Turf: Maritime Foodways and the Challenge of Spanish Empire at Carrizales, Peru - 12th to 17th Centuries CE.
Abstract: n/a
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Date: 3/23/2018
Location: Boston University Department of Archaeology

Site-seeing: archaeology, aeriality and objectivity in coastal Peru (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Site-seeing: archaeology, aeriality and objectivity in coastal Peru
Abstract: n/a
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Date: 4/2/2017
Location: Smith College

Building Indios: A Genealogy of Landscape and Political Subjectivity in Peru's Zaña Valley, 12th-18th Centuries C.E.” (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Building Indios: A Genealogy of Landscape and Political Subjectivity in Peru's Zaña Valley, 12th-18th Centuries C.E.”
Abstract: n/a
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Date: 10/12/2017
Location: McDonald Institute of Archaeology, Cambridge University, UK - Garrod Seminar

The Edges and Ends* of Empire in Northern Peru, 16th-18th Centuries, CE (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: The Edges and Ends* of Empire in Northern Peru, 16th-18th Centuries, CE
Abstract: n/a
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Date: 12/12/2017
Location: University of Frankfurt and Max Planck Institute of European Legal History, Frankfurt, Germany

Domestic Life in Toledan Reducciones and the Case of Carrizales, Zaña Valley, Peru (Public Lecture or Presentation)
Title: Domestic Life in Toledan Reducciones and the Case of Carrizales, Zaña Valley, Peru
Abstract: n/a
Author: VanValkenburgh, Parker
Date: 2/4/2018
Location: Vanderbilt University

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